Community-based biotic effects as determinants of tree resistance to pests and pathogens

摘要: Abstract In the light of global increase in forest pests and diseases, accompanied by withdrawal chemical pesticides fungicides, we review recent advances how tree resistance to diseases might be influenced manipulation characteristics trees’ community associated plants other organisms. These include associational (AR), effected species composition or richness, genotypic diversity, density/frequency resistant genotypes, use hybrids, strategic bacterial fungal symbionts engender systemic induced resistance, defense priming. Due rotation times production systems, none community-based actions that attempt disrupt a tree-pest tree-pathogen interaction, can used rapidly mobilised targeted response currently known pathogens unknown ones are yet emerge. The only exception is possible non-pathogenic mutualistic organisms induce prime defence systems against attack. range permutations participating assemblages idiosyncratic nature their ecological interactions processes, it not formulate predictive rules protect forests using these methods. It however them as part long-term prophylactic strategy structuring future general reduce probability impacts e.g. via diversification genotypes.