Residual Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Animal Manures and Their Environmental Behaviors in Soils

摘要: The worldwide heavy use of veterinary pharmaceuticals in confined animal-feeding operations has resulted annual discharge 3,000–27,000 tons drug chemicals via livestock manure into the environment. More than 50 major antibiotics have been detected poultry, swine, cattle, and horse manures at 0.01–765 mg kg−1 dry mass. In animal manures, most degrade rapidly biochemical reactions, demonstrating a half-life time 2–30 days. soils, interact with soil minerals, organic matter, organisms are subject to sorption, photohydrolysis, oxidation, biodegradation. distribution coefficient (Kd) values range from 0.3 6,300 L kg−1, varying chemical species properties. persistence soils is influenced by type, matter content, pH, moisture temperature. Though certain such as roxithromycin, sarafloxacin, virginiamycin persistent, vast majority degradable (half-life <30 days) soils. rapid degradation, physical attenuation limit residual top 30-cm agricultural land generally less 1 μg posing little impacts on microorganisms, fauna, plants. Nevertheless, could migrate manured fields water bodies surface runoff leaching. North American drainage ditches streams, up 290 ng L−1 had detected, although concentrations were far below no-observed-effect concentration levels aquatic organisms. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria identified livestock-handling workers, indicating risk antibiotic-resistant genes spread association pharmaceutical overuse disposal. Future research should focus developing standard composting protocols eliminate pathogens cultivating methods alternative administration.