Wind and Wave Setup Contributions to Extreme Sea Levels at a Tropical High Island: A Stochastic Cyclone Simulation Study for Apia, Samoa

摘要: Wind-wave contributions to tropical cyclone (TC)-induced extreme sea levels are known be significant in areas with narrow littoral zones, particularly at oceanic islands. Despite this, little information exists many of these locations assess the likelihood inundation, relative contribution wind and wave setup this how it may change level rise (SLR), scales relevant coastal infrastructure. In study, we explore TC-induced spatial on order tens meters Apia, capitol Samoa, a nation South Pacific typical high-island fringing reef morphology. Ensembles stochastically generated TCs (based historical information) combined numerical simulations waves, storm-surge, develop high-resolution statistical local setup. The results indicate that storm track morphological details lead differences 1 m less than km. Wave is overall largest contributor most locations; however, exceed some sheltered bays. When an arbitrary SLR scenario (+1 m) introduced, found modestly decrease SLR, but energy near shoreline greatly increases, consistent number other recent studies. These have implications for adaptation strategies.