No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India.

摘要: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is already occurring among some equids in India. Donkeys and mules are a mobile species moving between regions international borders, often populating areas of India where private community pharmacies, or medical stores, the primary healthcare provider for both humans animals. This article highlights how capacities drug retail outlet workers might affect their antibiotic dispensing practices, particularly relation to donkeys mules, order consider this impact development antimicrobial (AMR) on wider scale. A mixed-methods approach was implemented using patient simulation method (n = 28), semi-structured interviews (SSIs) 23), focus group discussions (FGDs) with veterinary practitioners non-governmental organisation animal health 2 FGDs), participant observation. Fewer than 48 per cent admitted having had any formal training pharmaceuticals at all, while 78 reported no animal-related pharmaceuticals. Moreover, 35 all participants sold antibiotics without prescription, unprompted specifically being asked antibiotics. Of dispensed, only 21 were correctly dispensed symptoms presented, dosages incorrect (underdosed). Furthermore, 43 interviewed believe that can be legally prescription. Equine owners northern frequently prescription and, most cases, diagnoses, treatment choice, dosage. substantial gap exists amongst Drug Retail Outlet (DRO) workers, few sufficiently qualified trained dispense owners. The study need further DRO as well knowledge extension awareness regarding its potential upon livelihoods. It also illustrates identify balance whereby greater enforcement regulation levels implemented, same time maintaining sufficient access medicine rural populations.