Ices on the Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus

摘要: Three satellites of Jupiter, seven Saturn, and five Uranus show spectroscopic evidence H 2 O ice on their surfaces, although other details surfaces are highly diverse. The icy contain contaminants unknown composition in varying degrees concentration, resulting coloration large differences albedo. In addition to O, Europa has frozen SO 2, Ganymede O2 the surface; both these cases external causes implicated deposition or formation trace components. Similarly O3 is found surface ices Ganymede, Dione, Rhea, probably induced by effects magnetospheric particles. Variations exposure across measured from signatures. While occurs many satellites, range bulk densities bodies shows that its contribution overall compositions variable one object another.