Disparities in Pain and Pain Care

摘要: Social determinants such as race, ethnicity, class, age, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, and geographic location are well-known predictors indicators of overall health status (AHRQ, 2016 National healthcare quality disparities report. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr16/index.html, 2017; Atkins D, Perez-Stable EJ, Kilbourne AM, Medi Care 55(Suppl 9, Suppl 2):S6–S8, https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000783, HHS, 2 HHS action plan to reduce racial ethnic disparities: implementation progress report 2011–2014. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/assets/pdf/FINAL_HHS_Action_Plan_Progress_Report_11_2_2015.pdf, 2015; Lopez N, Gadsden VL, Health inequities, social determinants, intersectionality. Perspectives: expert voices in healthcare. https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Health-Inequities-Social-Determinants-and-Intersectionality.pdf, 2016; Thornton RL, Glover CM, Cene CW, Glik DC, Henderson JA, Williams DR, Affairs (Millwood) 35(8):1416–1423. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1357, U.S. Department Human Services, Healthy people 2020: disparities. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Disparities, 2017). Differences based upon persist Specifically, minority low-income individuals systematically experience economic disadvantages, greater burden illness, decreased life expectancy when compared Caucasian-Americans CDC, Health, United States 2015: with special feature on https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf, 2015). The physical, social, emotional for Americans is consistently less than that even their access insurance coverage similar Institute Medicine, Unequal treatment: confronting care. Washington, Academies Press, 2002). Within this larger context, the goal chapter provide information pain care