Shift from bird to butterfly pollination in Clivia (Amaryllidaceae)

摘要:  Premise of the study: Pollinator shifts have been implicated as a driver divergence in angiosperms. We tested hypothesis that there was transition from bird- to butterfl y pollination African genus Clivia (Amaryllidaceae) and investigated how fl oral traits may either modifi ed or retained during this transition. Methods: identifi pollinators using fi eld observations, correlations between lepidopteran wing scales pollen on stigmas, single-visit selective exclusion experiments. also quantifi rewards advertising traits. Key results: The upright trumpet-shaped owers C. miniata were found be pollinated effectively by swallowtail ies both nectar-feeding brush visits. These transfer their wings, evidenced positive loads stigmas. All other species narrow pendulous are visited sunbirds. Selective birds large two resulted signifi cant decline seed production. Conclusions: From distribution systems available phylogenies, it is apparent shift took place . This accompanied evolution owers, smaller nectar volume, emission scent, while ower color chemistry do not appear substantially ed. results consistent with idea pollinator can explain major cations plant diversifi cation.