Gamete/Embryo-Fetal Origins of Infertility

摘要: Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive despite trying for 1 year. Genetically, infertility considered lethal factor, because family lineage stops at that individual with no further offspring [1]. Traditionally, male infertile factors include azoospermia or oligozoospermia, and, abnormal sperm morphology motility. Genetic pathogenesis may Y chromosome microdeletions, chromosomal abnormalities, single gene mutation, or, rearrangements mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Female congenital malformations, dysfunction female reproductive system including folliculogenesis and sexual dysfunction. Accumulating data suggests adverse exposures, interventions, during period gametogenesis embryo-fetal development result in [2–7]. Concerns about effects on health are not new; previous studies animal models human epidemiological indicate early life events initiate long term changes increase risk diseases, such disorders [7–76].