Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea)

摘要: Abstract This phylogenetic analysis of 31 exemplar taxa treats the 12 families Araneoidea (Anapidae, Araneidae, Cyatholipidae, Linyphiidae, Mysmenidae, Nesticidae, Pimoidae, Symphytognathidae, Synotaxidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, and Theridiosomatidae). The data set comprises 93 characters: 23 from male genitalia, 3 female 18 cephalothorax morphology, 6 abdomen 14 limb 15 spinnerets, web architecture other behaviour. Criteria for tree choice were minimum length parsimony under implied weights. outgroup is Deinopoidea (Deinopidae Uloboridae). preferred shortest specifies relationships ((Uloboridae, Deinopidae) (Araneidae (Tetragnathidae ((Theridiosomatidae (Mysmenidae (Symphytognathidae, Anapidae))) ((Linyphiidae, Pimoidae) ((Theridiidae, Nesticidae) (Cyatholipidae, Synotaxidae))))))). monophyly Tetragnathidae (including metines nephilines), symphytognathoids, theridiid-nesticid lineage, Synotaxidae are confirmed. Cyatholipidae sister to not closely related either Araneidae or as previously suggested. Four new clades proposed: cyatholipoids (Cyatholipidae plus Synotaxidae), «spineless femur clade» (theridioid lineage cyatholipoids), «araneoid sheet builders» (linyphioids spineless clade), «reduced piriform (symphytognathoids araneoid builders). results imply a coherent scenario evolution in which monophyletic orb gives rise sheet, turn gumfoot lineage. While spinning complement single pairs glands does change much over group, multiple sets dramatically reduced number, implying that derived araneoids incapable many silk fibers at same time.