Gold metallogeny and exploration

摘要: Distribution of gold in the Earth's crust.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Gold rock-forming minerals.- 1.3 igneous rocks.- 1.3.1 1.3.2 General characteristics distribution lithosphere.- 1.3.3 abundance mafic and ultramafic 1.3.4 Precambrian 1.3.5 Estimates mantle abundance.- 1.3.6 Mafic volcanic rocks non-orogenic environments.- 1.3.7 plutonic settings.- 1.3.8 Orogenic 1.4 sediments sedimentary 1.4.1 1.4.2 sediments.- 1.4.3 clastic 1.4.4 chemical 1.5 metamorphic 1.5.1 1.5.2 Regional metamorphism.- 1.5.3 Granitoid intrusions terranes.- 1.6 Concluding summary.- 1.7 Mineral data.- 1.7.1 Explanatory notes.- 1.7.2 The content 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 References.- hydrothermal geochemistry gold.- 2.1 2.2 inorganic chemistry 2.2.1 Oxidation states.- 2.2.2 Relativistic effects.- 2.2.3 Coordination Au(I).- 2.3 complexing solutions.- 2.3.1 Which complexes are important?.- 2.3.2 Halide gold(I).- 2.3.3 Hydrolysis.- 2.3.4 Hydrosulphido sulphido complexes.- 2.3.5 Additional sulphur-containing ligands.- 2.3.6 Other 2.4 deposition.- 2.4.1 Boiling.- 2.4.2 Precipitation on colloid mineral surfaces.- 2.5 Summary.- 3 Archaean lode deposits.- 3.1 3.1.1 Global economic significance.- 3.1.2 Genetic concepts.- 3.2 Nature 3.2.1 3.2.2 Size grade.- 3.2.3 Structural styles.- 3.2.4 Host 3.2.5 Mineralization wallrock alteration.- 3.2.6 Metal associations.- 3.3 distribution.- 3.3.1 Heterogeneous 3.3.2 setting.- 3.3.3 Metamorphic 3.3.4 Spatial relationship to intrusive 3.3.5 Timing mineralization.- 3.3.6 Peak mineralization age.- 3.4 Constraints genetic models.- 3.4.1 3.4.2 ore fluids.- 3.4.3 Transport deposition 3.4.4 Fluid focusing.- 3.4.5 Source fluid components.- 3.5 3.6 Tectonic setting 3.7 Potential exploration 3.8 Brief 4 Phanerozoic deposits tectonically active continental margins.- 4.1 4.2 space time.- 4.2.1 North America.- 4.2.2 South 4.2.3 Australia New Zealand.- 4.2.4 Asia.- 4.2.5 Europe.- 4.2.6 Africa.- 4.3 Geological geochemical characteristics.- 4.3.1 4.3.2 Structure.- 4.3.3 Ore morphology textures.- 4.3.4 Mineralogy paragenesis.- 4.3.5 Hydrothermal 4.3.6 Elemental zoning.- 4.3.7 inclusions.- 4.3.8 Stable isotopes.- 4.3.9 Applications Sr, Pb Nd isotope ratios.- 4.4 4.5 Comparisons mesothermal other types Mineralization.- 4.6 Conclusions.- 5 Epithermal 5.1 5.2 Exploration case studies.- 5.2.1 Hishikari, Japan.- 5.2.2 Kelian, Kalimantan, Indonesia.- 5.2.3 Ladolam deposit, Lihir Island, Papua Guinea.- 5.3 Environment alteration 5.3.1 Volcanic association.- 5.3.2 controls.- 5.3.3 Wallrock 5.3.4 inclusions light stable 5.4 Active geothermal systems.- 5.5 transport epithermal 5.6 Physico-chemical conditions depositional regime.- 5.7 through geologic 5.8 Exploration.- 5.9 6 Intrusion-related 6.1 6.2 Geotectonic 6.3 Intrusion-hosted stockwork/disseminated 6.3.1 Porphyry 6.3.2 intrusion-hosted 6.4 Deposits carbonate 6.4.1 Skarn 6.4.2 Carbonate-replacement 6.5 Stockwork, disseminated replacement non-carbonate 6.6 Breccia-hosted 6.7 Vein-type 6.8 Deposit interrelationships metal 6.9 considerations.- 6.9.1 Magma type.- 6.9.2 formation.- 6.10 Possible relationships with deposit types.- 6.10.1 6.10.2 Sediment-hosted 6.10.3 Mother Lode-type 6.11 remarks.- 7 geology origin Carlin-type 7.1 7.2 Classification 7.2.1 A historical perspective.- 7.2.2 Current perspectives.- 7.2.3 Relationship polymetallic replacements.- 7.3 geological tectonic 7.3.1 7.3.2 Magmatism western 7.3.3 geological, tectonic, magmatic settings south-eastern China.- 7.4 Characteristics 7.4.1 host 7.4.2 7.4.3 Associated 7.4.4 Geochronology 7.4.5 Alteration metallization.- 7.4.6 Geochemistry 7.4.7 Geophysical 7.4.8 Sizes, shapes, grades 7.5 7.5.1 Published 7.5.2 speculative model.- 7.6 guidelines.- 7.7 8 Auriferous precipitates modern seafloor.- 8.1 8.2 seafloor sulphide 8.2.1 Mid-ocean ridges.- 8.2.2 Seamounts.- 8.2.3 Island-arc 8.2.4 Sedimented-rift 8.3 8.4 sub-seafloor stockwork 8.5 plumes associated metalliferous 8.6 8.6.1 fluids 8.6.2 8.6.3 solubility 8.6.4 flux 8.7 Secondary enrichment supergene sulphides gossans.- 8.8 ancient 8.8.1 Volcanogenic massive sulphides.- 8.8.2 Metalliferous 8.8.3 auriferous 9 Ancient placer 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 Pongola.- 9.2.2 Dominion.- 9.2.3 Witwatersrand.- 9.2.4 Ventersdorp.- 9.2.5 Transvaal.- 9.2.6 Jacobina.- 9.2.7 Moeda.- 9.2.8 Tarkwa.- 9.3 palaeosurfaces.- 9.3.1 Areal dimensions.- 9.3.2 Topographic relief.- 9.3.3 Stratigraphic position.- 9.3.4 Correlation.- 9.4 9.4.1 Gravel sand fraction.- 9.4.2 Geometry.- 9.4.3 Deposition.- 9.4.4 Heavy 9.4.5 Mineralogy.- 9.4.6 Kerogen.- 9.5 Metamorphism.- 9.6 control.- 9.7 10 Geochemical for temperate, arid, semi-arid, rain forest terrains.- 10.1 10.2 signatures 10.2.1 Attributes bedrock 10.2.2 Supergene cycle 10.2.3 Transposition primary environment.- 10.3 Examples histories.- 10.3.1 10.3.2 Temperate 10.3.3 Arid semi-arid 10.3.4 Rain 10.4 Operating procedures.- 10.4.1 Sampling sample preparation.- 10.4.2 Sample analysis.- 10.5 Alternative sampling techniques.- 10.5.1 Lithogeochemistry.- 10.5.2 Heavy-mineral concentrate geochemistry.- 10.5.3 Hydrogeochemistry.- 10.5.4 Atmogeochemistry.- 10.5.5 Biogeochemistry.- 10.6 11 glaciated terrain.- 11.1 11.2 Glacial dispersal.- 11.3 stratigraphy ice-movement directions.- 11.4 analytical methods.- 11.5 Occurrence till soil effects weathering.- 11.6 Drift prospecting 11.7 11.8 Conclusions future trends.- 12 12.1 12.2 geophysical 12.3 strategy 12.3.1 Reconnaissance.- 12.3.2 Regional.- 12.3.3 Detailed.- 12.4 Examples.- 12.4.1 Veins, stockworks lodes.- 12.4.2 Skarns.- 12.4.3 volcanogenic 12.4.4 granitoids.- 12.4.5 Disseminated igneous, units.- 12.4.6 Palaeoplacers.- 12.4.7 Placers.- 12.5 12.6 Glossary terms.- 13 Economics 13.1 13.2 Market 13.3 Gold-mine production.- 13.3.1 World-wide 13.3.2 Brazil.- 13.3.3 United States.- 13.3.4 Australia.- 13.3.5 13.3.6 Canada.- 13.3.7 1980s.- 13.4 Economic evaluation 13.4.1. decision process.- 13.4.2 13.4.3 Estimation cash flow.- 13.4.4 Cash-flow criteria.- 13.4.5 cost capital.- 13.4.6 DCF 13.5 13.5.1 Canadian study.- 13.5.2 Presentation format.- 13.5.3 input variables.- 13.5.4 13.5.5 13.6 Conclusion.- References.