Governing with the citizens : strategic planning in four Italian cities

摘要: In recent years there has been much political and academic interest in new modes of local governance, which are increasingly based on deliberative mechanisms aim at engaging larger sectors the population (i.e. governance by networks, territorial pacts, strategic planning). Whereas literature urban governance focused emergence novel arrangements city regional levels formation a collective actor, democracy scholars have examined the democratic dimension forums) assessed applicability their normative models to real world; literature planning helps understand implementation gap that plagues many these arrangements. All these approaches often study same empirical phenomena, however, with a few exceptions, debates within literatures take no account one another. This comparative case-study strategic planning four medium-sized Italian cities (Trento, Prato, Lecce, and Sassari), characterized different socio-political economic contexts, intends contribute bridging between above theoretical paradigms. Thus, impact polity is three levels: democratic process, implementation. Comparative analysis can help evidence how such an either hindered or enhanced forms resources leadership latter interact endogenous pre-existing associational density) exogenous factors (i.e. institutional constraints opportunities other jurisdictional levels). Different typologies will influence each dependent variable democratic process, implementation) varying degrees. The type now required multilevel system could be defined as facilitative leadership, arises from activity working with, rather than exercising power over, others. longer identified solely institutions but emerges coordinated work of sponsor public service CEO acts champion the process. Institutional might affect outcomes, weak administrative capacity resistance change bureaucracy hinder A facilitative drive cultural organisational learning institutions, while offering identity incentives wider community. While dynamics do not since inclusive leadership encourage greater participation even where social fabric would seem weaker, poor policy coordination among tiers inevitably hamper positive effects level, lost plethora fragmented initiatives.