Three-dimensional movements and swimming activity of a northern elephant seal.
作者： Randall W. Davis , Lee A. Fuiman , Terrie M. Williams , Burney J. Le Boeuf
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00345-2
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摘要: Abstract We attached a video system and data recorder to northern elephant seal track its three-dimensional movements observe propulsive strokes of the hind flippers. During 6 h recording, made 20 dives spent 90% time submerged. Average dive duration, maximum depth swimming speed were 14.9 min±6.1 S.D., 289 m±117 S.D. 1.1 m s −1 ±0.12 respectively. The distance swum during averaged 925 m±339 average descent ascent angles 41°±18 50°±21 Dive paths remarkably straight suggesting that was navigating while identified three modes based on interval between strokes: continuous stroking; stroke-and-glide swimming; prolonged gliding. used stroking from surface mean followed by swimming. Prolonged gliding started at 60 continued bottom dives. For depths 300 or more, 75% in 10% swimming, amounting 5.9–9.6 min passive per dive. varied little with mode not good indicator effort. It appears can use reduce cost transport increase duration. Energetically efficient locomotion may help explain long deep routinely exceed theoretical aerobic limit this species.
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