Anatomical basics, variations, and degenerative changes of the shoulder joint and shoulder girdle

摘要: This paper summarizes the anatomical basics of shoulder, their variations, and precise definitions, including differential diagnoses. It also describes characteristic degenerative changes caused by aging. A typical variation (7-15%) is os acromiale, which forms triangular epiphysis scapular spine. abnormality must be differentiated from a fracture acromion or pseudarthrosis. Because ossification complete after age 25, acromiale should diagnosed only this age. The shape further important feature. In recent study, following frequencies Bigliani-types acromial were anatomically determined - type 1 (flat), 10.2% 2 (curved), 89.8%. Type 3 (hooked) was not observed, indicates that probably misinterpretation so-called spur. Minor dehiscences perforations in infraspinate supraspinate fossa confused with malignant osteolyses. scapula has three ligaments its own, (1) coracoacromial ligament osseous fixations form an osteofibrous arch above shoulder joint, plays part impingement syndrome; (2) superior transverse ossified correlate arches incisure can cause compression syndrome suprascapular nerve; (3) inferior no great clinical importance. Two intraarticular structures (glenoid labrum tendon long bicipital head) mentioned. glenoid consists dense connective tissue surrounds margin cavity. areas exhibit specialized conditions, cranial at supraglenoid tubercle intimate relationship exists to head about 55% cases, stretched over rim ventral side. At area biceps-tendon-labrum complex, SLAP-lesions may occur rim, where often fixed bony margin, avulsions occur. well-established condition mistaken for manifest Bankart-lesion. glenohumeral ligaments, are located articular capsule, have stabilizing function labrum. lift lip it crosses notch. 'labrum-lift effect' supports features ligaments. rotator cuff composed tendons teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis muscles. poorly vascularized area, due mechanical 1.5 cm major tubercle, causes eventually lead ruptures. Results impingement-syndrome osteoarthrotic acromioclavicular joint presented discussed. Finally, coracoclavicular represents congenital entity but appears changed, lowered position girdle, presents instructive figures preparations used make more radiological All done author series than 300 girdle.