Rivers and loess: The significance of long river transportation in the complex event-sequence approach to loess deposit formation

摘要: Abstract Rivers are essential for loess deposit formation. River systems which relate directly to formation include the Danube and Rhine; Mississippi Missouri; Thames Medway; Indus, Ganges Brahmaputra; Dnepr, Don Volga; Clutha, Mataura Rakaia—New Zealand rivers; Yellow River; rivers in South America; Siberian (flowing north); Odra Wisla (between mountains ice); Syr-Darya Amu-Darya (into desert). The contention is that not just important major formation, they mandatory (necessary, imperative, obligatory, essential, indispensable, requisite). For a complete satisfactory study of deposit, we need know how material produced; it transported distributed across landscape; intermediate deposits formed; transportation provides defining properties (i.e., open structure, collapsibility, draping landscape); what may happen post-deposition (e.g., chernozemisation, fragipan increased etc.). If then would appear British probably Alpine delivered by proto-Rhine Polish derived from ice-sheet north but south. lack Canada explained absence suitable rivers. Russia neighbouring countries can be classified (as Jefferson et al. [Jefferson, I.F., Evstatiev, D., Karastenev, Mavlyanova, N.G., Smalley, I.J., 2003b. engineering geology loess-like deposits: commentary on Russian literature. Engineering Geology 68, 333–351] suggested) basis associated A ‘new’ glacial recognised—associated with Volga (the USWR loess). Smalley–Leach [Smalley, Leach, J.A., 1978. origin distribution basin regions East-Central Europe: review. Sedimentary 21, 1–26. Available from: 〈 www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Smalley-SedGeo-1978.pdf 〉] vision Europe misconceived. They assigned great significance action put ‘northern band’. It appears this proposed influence minimal essentially mountain loess—derived Alps, Carpathians, Sudeten other high regions. system classic example river controlling distribution.