摘要: Abstract This chapter describes methods for long-term forest soil monitoring from the field design, to laboratory analytical methods, and through data compilation validation. Soil comprises two main pillars: characterization, including a detailed profile description classification; assessment of physical chemical status layers. Composite samples are taken at fixed-depth intervals, mainly analyses. bulk density water retention characteristics measured using undisturbed core samples, in contrast other variables. Specific sampling techniques employed floors, peat soils, fine-textured mineral stony soils. The recommended predominantly based on International Organization Standardization methods. Results second European survey presented demonstrate usefulness implementation described
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