Principles of Intracellular Signaling in Ciliated Protozoa—A Brief Outline

摘要: Ciliates have available most of the intracellular signaling mechanisms known from metazoans. Long-range signals are represented by firmly installed microtubules serving as gliding rails aiming at specific targets. Many components distinctly arranged to guarantee locally restricted effects. Short-range include Ca2+, provided different sources, and proteins for membrane recognition fusion, such SNAREs, GTPases high affinity Ca2+-binding (still be defined). A battery ion conductances serves electric coupling outside medium responses, notably ciliary activity, which also underlies gravitaxis responses. Eventually cyclic nucleotides involved, e.g. in signaling. Furthermore, an elaborate system protein kinases phosphatases exerts widely processes.