Upscaling of integrated photoelectrochemical water-splitting devices to large areas

摘要: Photoelectrochemical water splitting promises both sustainable energy generation and storage in the form of hydrogen. However, realization this vision requires laboratory experiments to be engineered into a large-scale technology. Up now only few concepts for scalable devices have been proposed or realized. Here we introduce realize concept which, by design, is large areas compatible with multiple thin-film photovoltaic technologies. The scalability achieved continuous repetition base unit created laser processing. allows independent optimization electrochemical part. We demonstrate fully integrated, wireless device stable bias-free operation 40 h. Furthermore, scaled area 64 cm(2) comprising 13 units exhibiting solar-to-hydrogen efficiency 3.9%. its successful may an important contribution towards application artificial photosynthesis.