Simulating ice layer formation under the presence of preferential flow in layered snowpacks

摘要: Abstract. For physics-based snow cover models, simulating the formation of dense ice layers inside snowpack has been a long-time challenge. Their is considered to be tightly coupled presence preferential flow, which assumed happen through flow fingering. Recent laboratory experiments and modelling techniques liquid water in have advanced understanding conditions under paths or fingers form. We propose approach one-dimensional, multilayer model SNOWPACK for that based on dual domain approach. The pore space divided into part represents matrix flow. Richards' equation then solved both domains only subjected phase changes. found arriving at layer transition may lead ponding conditions, we used trigger from domain. Subsequent refreezing can form regularly exceed 700 kg m−3. A comparison simulated density profiles with biweekly made Weissfluhjoch measurement site 2536 m altitude Eastern Swiss Alps 16 seasons showed several were observed field could reproduced. However, many remain challenging simulate. prediction early runoff also improved consideration Our study suggests able describe net effect detailed, without need full multidimensional model.