Impact of wild ungulates on forest regeneration and tree composition of mountain forests in the Western Italian Alps

摘要: Abstract The impact of ungulates on forest regeneration was observed in six localities the Italian Western Alps recently colonized by deer and having different densities ungulates. selectivity bark stripping, browsing fraying damage analysed. incidence varies between 79.8% (class A, height 10–150 cm) most severely damaged area to 10.2% least affected area. each species considerably tree sensitive is silver fir ( Abies alba ). Browsing stripping are always highly selective, whilst a difference red roe found relation damage. lethality (dead trees/damaged trees) resulting from important also with low densities, but increases slowly at high densities; nil ungulates, whereas it rapidly good correlation when ungulate high.