The butterfly and the elephant : local social innovation, the welfare state and new poverty dynamics

摘要: This paper surveys the literature on localized socially innovative policies and actions aimed at overcoming poverty social exclusion. The authors show how these local forms of innovation emerged in late 1970s against backdrop crisis transformation Western welfare state, emergence new risks transition from Fordist to knowledge based economy. aims learn about or older but as yet too often overlooked exclusion dynamics locally embedded collective responses it by civil society associations, state institutions and/or entrepreneurs. first develops a definition applies fight In second part put its historical context discussing three different strands research practice, namely: (1) critique territorial model underlying knowledge-based economy; (2) bureaucratic nature state; (3) neighbourhood development response urban crisis. third section then zooms process dimensions for each discussed part. propose metaphor ‘the elephant butterfly’ think through relationship between initiatives one hand macro-level dialectical interplay associations other. concludes with preliminary list needs, trends reconfiguration that are revealed place-based practices.