Drivers of Intra-Seasonal Variation in Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) Nest Survival

摘要: Intra-seasonal changes in depredation influence nest survival, but this may be mediated by the foraging behavior of predators or seasonal variability habitat features. differences factors influencing daily survival rates Black Terns (Chlidonias niger) were studied southern Ontario, Canada, during May-August 2015 and 2016. Survival early late-nesting individuals relation to nest-specific temporal spatial characteristics was investigated, including change over nesting cycle. The rate for nesters (n = 112) declined with increasing age (β -14.97; P < 0.001), rose increased proportion vegetation 0.01; 0.02) conspecific spacing 0.04). Daily late 80) influenced -12.99; a decline nestling stage, no correlates. A propensity toward smaller clutch sizes diminished season 0.67; 0.01) further highlights intra-seasonal that affect survival. Predator patterns more than