Cascading costs: an economic nitrogen cycle.

摘要: The chemical nitrogen cycle is becoming better characterized in terms of fluxes and reservoirs on a variety scales. Galloway has demonstrated that reactive can cascade through multiple ecosystems causing environmental damage at each stage before being denitrified to N2. We propose construct parallel economic (ENC) which impacts be estimated by the costs associated with cascade. Using data for benefits avoided mitigation Chesapeake Bay basin, we have constructed an region. Since single tonne system, also Therefore evaluating mitigating released needs consider all would analysis reveals it most cost effective remove coming from combustion since greatest impact human health creates cascading atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic coastal ecosystems. will discuss implications this determining policy option achieving quality goals.