Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers.

摘要: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the activation of at least several neurohumoral pathways that have common role in maintaining cardiac output and adequate perfusion pressure target organs tissues. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) upregulated HF as evident dysfunctional baroreceptor chemoreceptor reflexes, circulating neuronal catecholamine spillover, attenuated parasympathetic response, augmented outflow to heart, kidneys skeletal muscles. When these sympathoexcitatory effects on cardiovascular are sustained chronically they initiate vicious circle progression become associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, maladaptive ventricular vascular remodeling, arrhythmogenesis, poor prognosis patients HF. These detrimental SNS activity outcomes warrant diagnostic treatment modalities. Therefore, this review summarizes basic physiological concepts about interaction highlights key pathophysiological mechanisms derangement Finally, special emphasis placed integrative up-to-date overview modalities such imaging methods novel laboratory biomarkers could aid assessment degree provide reliable prognostic information among