Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: a multilevel perspective.

摘要: Resilience has been conceptualized as a dynamic developmental process encompassing the attainment of positive adaptation within context significant threat, severe adversity, or trauma. Until past decade, empirical study resilience predominantly focused on behavioral and psychosocial correlates of, contributors to, phenomenon did not examine neurobiological genetic to resilience. Technological advances in molecular genetics neuroimaging, measuring other biological aspects behavior, have made it more feasible begin conduct research pathways resilient functioning from multilevel perspective. Child maltreatment constitutes profound immersion stress that challenges frequently impairs development across diverse domains psychological functioning. Research determinants maltreated children is presented an illustration work moving single-level investigations competent face adversity These include studies personality, neural, neuroendocrine, adaptation. Analogous neural plasticity takes place response brain injury, conjectured may be possible conceptualize ability individuals recover after exposure extreme stress. Multilevel randomized control prevention intervention trials substantial potential for facilitating promotion high-risk populations experienced adversity. Determining multiple levels at which change engendered through will provide insight into mechanisms change, extent promoted, interrelations between processes maladaptation, psychopathology,