Mortality of a large wide-ranging mammal largely caused by anthropogenic activities.

摘要: With efforts to restore large mammal populations following extirpations, it is vital quantify how they are impacted by human activities and gain insights into population dynamics in relation conservation goals. Our objective was characterize cause-specific mortality of black bears (Ursus americanus) throughout their range. We first quantified for 247 one harvested two non-harvested populations. then simulated a small recolonizing with without anthropogenic mortality. Lastly, we conducted meta-analysis all published bear studies North America (31 2630 bears). found greater than natural mortality, non-harvest (e.g. poaching, defense property, etc.) populations, harvesting the major causes simulation indicated that removing increased size an average 23% 15 years. demonstrated exposed high levels potential slow growth expanding Management wide-ranging mammals will depend on holistic strategies integrate ecological factors socio-economic issues achieve successful coexistence.