First order couples induced by nickel–titanium archwires featuring an electrochemically refined surface during simulated rotation of teeth

摘要: Objective The significance of friction inside the bracket–wire–ligature interface remains controversial despite having been investigated for four decades. Numerous approaches have proposed to reduce via any elements interface, key among them being recently developed bracket modifications and introduction surface-modified wires. The present study explored whether archwires treated by a novel electrochemical process surface refinement influence first-order couples generated self-ligating conventionally ligated brackets during tooth rotation.