Cross-national Cognitive Process Differences: A Comparison of Canadian, American and Japanese Managers1

摘要: Canada, the United Sates and Japan are extremely important trading partners for each other. The States two largest of Canada (Partners in Prosperity 1990). is partner (Encarnation 1992). Cultural distance or dissimilarity affects ability managers to be effective foreign markets. difference between culture, language social structure (Root 1987) that managers' perceptions what should constitute culturally appropriate behavior a market (Adler, Doktor, Redding 1986). Comparative management research has traditionally focused on value, attitude practice differences contribute cultural seem affect work interaction from different cultures (Lane DiStefano Many studies have compared American Japanese variance values attitudes could attributed national culture (Stening Hammer 1992, Kelly, Whatley, Worthley 1987, Omens, Jenner, Beatty Sullivan, Teruhiko, Kondo England Misumi 1986, Hofstede 1980). Values defined as preferences standards against which judge acts goals (Hofstede 1980, Kluckhohn Strodtbeck 1961). Attitudes expressions particular values, sets applied specific situations. It been common assume Canadian were similar 1987). This assumption seems based number early indicating converged within clusters Ronen Kraut 1977). Canadians expected face difficulties Americans their interactions with Japanese, relatively few interacting Americans. Several recent challenged this view demonstrating samples retailing significantly differ all four Hofstede's value scales (Evans, Lane, O'Grady Lane (1991) also reported less willing take business risks had lower need achievement. Evans, (1992) suggest forms an unexpected barrier does interaction. A Cognitive Process Model current emphasis probably function defining set An alternative, developed by cognitive anthropologists, system knowledge beliefs (Chikudate 1991). By definition, consistent pattern perceiving, relating interpreting information individual group (Goodenough 1964). Strauss adds systems include linked patterns thought feelings. Schutz Luckmann (1974) proposed strong link exists process culture. processes authoritative individuals do not question because help them successful making other members (Schutz 1974). These normative deemed too inappropriate sanctioned (Holland Quinn While exercise free will relation norms, strongly influenced background (Berger 1967). Scheler (1980) stated socialization results accepting binding problem solving cultures. …