Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques.

摘要: OBJECTIVES In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits may be influenced by socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' imposing time-constraints, or increased these on account more free-/available-time due to consumption high-energy human foods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Southern India, collected data human-macaque macaque-macaque using focal-animal sampling two groups semi-urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within climatic season, calculated frequencies interactions, rates monitoring activity foraging food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number unique partners, interactions. RESULTS We found strong evidence time-constraints grooming. Macaques that monitored groomed shorter durations fewer independent their group membership, sex, rank, season. However, had no free-time hypothesis: food was unrelated affiliation. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent recent findings urban-dwelling species/populations. in such environments especially reliant forms affiliation short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip-smacking) unaffected time-constraints. stress importance evaluating inter-individual differences primate/wildlife behavior conservation efforts.