Shade trees preserve avian insectivore biodiversity on coffee farms in a warming climate

摘要: Aim Coffee is an important export for many developing countries, with a global annual trade value of $100 billion, but it threatened by warming climate. Shade trees may mitigate the effects climate change through temperature regulation that can aid in coffee growth, slow pest reproduction, and sustain avian insectivore diversity. The impact shade on bird diversity microclimate farms has been studied extensively Neotropics, there dearth research Paleotropics. Location East Africa. Methods We created current future regional Maxent models insectivores Africa using Worldclim data observations from Global Biodiversity Information Database. then adjusted bioclimatic layers based mean differences between sun projected these to predict tree removal climatic suitability insectivores. Results Existing more closely matched temperatures under than open. Removal trees, warmer alone, would result reduction species over 25%, loss equivalent 50 years most optimistic emissions scenario. Under extreme scenario richness decline 38 fewer 8 species. Main conclusions found already provide cooler microclimates Future will become regionally limiting factor distribution Africa, which could negatively control pests, effect be potentially mediated planting maintaining farms.