What is an apex predator

摘要: Large ‘apex’ predators influence ecosystems in profound ways, by limiting the density of their prey and controlling smaller ‘mesopredators’. The loss apex from much range has lead to a global outbreak mesopredators, process known as ‘mesopredator release’ that increases predation pressure diminishes biodiversity. While classifications apex- meso-predator are fundamental current ecological thinking, definition remained ambiguous. Trophic cascades theory shown importance limit population size for variety taxa (top–down control). largest however unlikely be limited this fashion, densities commonly assumed determined availability (bottom–up However, bottom–up regulation is contradicted many studies, particularly non-hunted populations. We offer an alternative view distinguishable capacity own (self-regulation). tested idea using set life-history traits could contribute self-regulation Carnivora, found upper body mass 34 kg (corresponding with average 13–16 kg) marks transition between extrinsically- self-regulated carnivores. Small carnivores share fast reproductive rates development higher densities. slow development, extended parental care, sparsely populated territories, propensity towards infanticide, suppression, alloparental care cooperative hunting. discuss how expression (e.g. suppression) depends on social stability, highlight studying predator–prey dynamics absence predator persecution. Self-regulation large may ensure fiercest do not overexploit resources.