Brain initiative to transform human imaging

摘要: ![Figure][1] Roderic Ivan Pettigrew In her keynote address at the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH’s) 50th anniversary celebration discovery double helix structure DNA, molecular biologist and Princeton President Shirley Tilghman observed that ideas are fundamental to advancing science, yet technological innovation is engine scientific progress ([ 1 ][2]). Indeed, there many historical lessons illustrate this truth. During dawn revolution, Milky Way was believed be merely a nebulous cloud light-reflecting dust. It not until Galileo used newly invented telescope in early 1600s bright celestial discovered actually constellation individual stars. This tremendous revelation, only astronomy but also demonstrating value precise measurement objective observation revealing laws nature. illustrated how precision tools critical new insights knowledge. Today, we encouraged think beyond ourselves again invent which do currently have help meet bold goals set by Obama’s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative. Unveiled April 2013 supported NIH 2 ][3]), Science Foundation (NSF), Defense Advanced Projects Agency (DARPA), as well private participants, BRAIN initiative has been on fast track develop complete picture brain function four dimensional (4D) (space time) mapping extensive network neural circuits. With goal mind, Director’s Advisory Committee Working Group presented an interim report September 2013, followed final June 2014 3 ][4]). In report, now underscored made initial high-priority recommendations, led six funding opportunities were announced December with planned 4 ][5]). These initiatives will lead observations knowledge about stimulating development various neurotechnologies. technologies designed explore catalog neurons system across full range biophysical physiological scales. One these initiatives, Planning for Next Generation Human Imaging , one focused human imaging 5 ][6]). This particular first from challenge research community form teams innovate generation truly transformative methodologies. What explicitly sought systems provide investigative capabilities far those even most advanced cutting-edge current systems. The exceed spatiotemporal resolution limits methods observe physiology cellular networks level. We Institute Biomedical Bioengineering (NIBIB) foresee specific having dual impact: solve some great neuroscience mysteries, while spurring transformation all organ In elucidating mysteries pathophysiology general, impact may comparable had his clarification Way. This vision unjustified dream. Again, turn recent history lesson what can bring medical science. Just 40 years ago, best noninvasive produced “planar” or 2D shadow-grams internal organs. completely lacked 3D pinpoint accuracy become central mainstay modern health care. computer-assisted tomography (CAT) mid-1970s realized evolution sophisticated image reconstruction mathematics, advances electronics, creation high-performance computers. Since its introduction, CAT (or CT) delivery effective care would hard overstate. Exploratory surgery long procedure past, gone guesswork exactly where, big, responsive treatment lesion is. Indeed, resulted interdisciplinary merited 1979 Nobel Prize Physiology Medicine two inventors, engineer radar scientist Godfrey N. Hounsfield physicist radio astronomer Allan M. Cormack. Before their independent translational work, inspired both clinical need imaging, came brilliant mathematician Johann Radon. He defined relationship between certain measurements outside object object’s structure. Over ensuing decades, mathematics he pioneered developed further astronomy, scientists devised rigorous approaches reconstructing source detected signals heavens. mathematical advances, however, needed coupled x-ray technology, computer science order realize scan prototype circa 1971. A similar dramatic advance envisioned result intends stimulate. aspirations tremendous: dynamic showing complex 4D interplay cells biologic molecules continuously dynamic, must information highly resolved space time. required neuroprocesses seen state-of-the-art Achieving does necessarily require physical phenomenon. mean extracting more contained within probes. himself remarked lecture investigating previous use x-rays, “it became apparent conventional making x-rays could give.” This next-generation striking call our brightest minds multiple disciplines aim high, reach boundaries Many basic practical payoffs await us. include assessing microcircuits hemodynamics, deciphering blood-brain barrier construct function, observing person-specific neurotransmitter dynamics, defining metabolism gene expression, non-neuronal (glial) measuring real-time drug distribution, discovering ion channel dynamics ][6]). Like examples history, magnitude born convergence backgrounds. transdisciplinary engineering. level innovation, ultimate extend other systems, helping unravel disease, this, heal, cure, prevent challenging illnesses. 1. [↵][7]S. Tilghman, “The Watson lecture: Biology era genomes” [www.princeton.edu/president/tilghman/speeches/20030414][8] (2003); 2. [↵][9]1. T. R. Insel, 2. S. C. Landis, 3. F. Collins Initiative. 340, 687–688 (2013). doi:10.1126/science.1239276 pmid:23661744 [OpenUrl][10][Abstract/FREE Full Text][11] 3. [↵][12] 2025: A Scientific Vision. Health (2014). 4. [↵][13] Funding Opportunities 5. [↵][14] RFA, 6. Acknowledgments: I thank W. Heetderks, Mamaghani, Pelc, A. Sastre, K. Egan, Collins reviews helpful suggestions preparation editorial. [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #ref-5 [7]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference text" [8]: http://www.princeton.edu/president/tilghman/speeches/20030414/ [9]: #xref-ref-2-1 [10]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DInsel%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D340%26rft.issue%253D6133%26rft.spage%253D687%26rft.epage%253D688%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BNIH%2BBRAIN%2BInitiative%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1239276%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23661744%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [11]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzNDAvNjEzMy82ODciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czozMToiL3NjaXRyYW5zbWVkLzYvMjQ0LzI0NGVkMTYuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9 [12]: #xref-ref-3-1 [13]: #xref-ref-4-1 [14]: #xref-ref-5-1 text"