Analysis of Physical Interactions Between the Economy and the Environment

摘要: In this chapter methods for analysing the physical interactions between economy and environment will be discussed. The historic roots of such lie in 19th century go back to Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, who used term 'metabolism' (Stoffwechsel) imply a relationship mutual material exchange man nature, an interdependence beyond widespread notion simply 'utilising nature'. Like many his contemporary economists mid-19th century, John Stuart Mill linked concept metabolism idea 'stationary state', form economic development with no growth. This fi rst phrasing 'sustainable development' was then forgotten some time. It not until 1960 20th that again formed basis scientifi c thought, induced by upcoming acknowledgement side effects Thus economist Kenneth Boulding worried 'cowboy economy' might compatible 'Spaceship Earth', outlined coming change 'spaceman suitably cautious its dealings nite resources. At end 1960s, physicist Robert Ayres Allen Kneese laid model, United States, energy fl ows environment, proposing view environmental pollution as mass balance problem entire economy.