Scientific Knowledge and Technology, Animal Experimentation, and Pharmaceutical Development.

摘要: Human discovery of pharmacologically active substances is arguably the oldest biomedical sciences with origins >3500 years ago. Since ancient times, four major transformations have dramatically impacted pharmaceutical development, each driven by advances in scientific knowledge, technology, and/or regulation: (1) anesthesia, analgesia, and antisepsis; (2) medicinal chemistry; (3) regulatory toxicology; (4) targeted drug discovery. Animal experimentation development a modern phenomenon dating from 20th century enabling several transformations. While transformation resulted more effective safer pharmaceuticals, overall attrition, cycle time, cost, numbers animals used, low probability success for new products remain concerns, remains very high risk business proposition. In this manuscript we review since describe its coevolution animal experimentation, attempt to predict characteristics future