Impacts of Human Recreation on Brown Bears (Ursus arctos): A Review and New Management Tool

摘要: Increased popularity of recreational activities in natural areas has led to the need better understand their impacts on wildlife. The majority research conducted date focused behavioral effects from individual recreations, thus there is a limited understanding potential for population-level or cumulative effects. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are focus growing wildlife viewing industry and found habitats frequented by recreationists. Managers face difficult decisions balancing opportunities with habitat protection Here, we integrate results empirical studies expert knowledge brown bears. We literature review Delphi survey bear experts frequencies types recreations occurring effects, identify management solutions needs. then developed Bayesian network model that allows managers estimate habitats. A higher proportion coastal were exposed recreation, including photography bear-viewing than interior where camping hiking more common. Our suggest primary mechanism which recreation may impact through temporal spatial displacement associated increases energetic costs declines nutritional intake. Killings defense life property be minimally Alaska, but important considerations population management. Regulating occur predictably space time limiting concentrated food resources reduces intake thereby, reduce reproduction survival. make about regulating have consequences populations. here provides new tool balance demands multiple while supporting healthy