New Uses of Ion Accelerators

摘要: 1. Ion-Excited X-Ray Analysis of Environmental Samples.- I. Introduction.- II. General Considerations for Ion Beam III. Formalism and Optimization.- IV. The UCD/ARB Aerosol System.- A. Primary Beam.- B. Detection X-Rays.- C. Data Acquisition Reduction.- D. System Calibration.- E. Target Preparation Matrix Effects.- F. Estimation Analytical Costs.- G. Validation Operations.- V. Programs.- Appendix (Forward Scattering).- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2: Material by Nuclear Backscattering.- Comments on (Numerical Examples).- Applications.- Implantation.- Thin Films: Growth Deposition.- Film Reactions: Interdiffusion Compound Formation.- Bulk Effects: Composition, Diffusion Solubility.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- Formalism.- Three Basic Concepts in Backscattering Kinematic Factor Mass ? Analysis.- Differential Scattering Cross Section Quantitative Energy Loss Depth 2. Scale [S].- Surface Approximation.- Linear 3. Height an Spectrum.- Approximation Spectrum Height.- Thick Yield.- Yield a Film.- 4. Applications from Elemental Targets.- Contamination Doping Level Sample.- Thickness Measurement dE/dx Measurements.- Formula Measurement.- 5. Application to Composition Varying Continuously with Depth.- Notations.- Formulae.- Sources Information.- 3: Means Reactions.- Charged Particle Activation - Examples.- Prompt Radiation Nonresonant Reactions Gamma Rays Observed.- Particles Resonant Summary.- Acknowledgment.- 4: Lattice Location Impurities Metals Semiconductors.- Impurity Detection.- Channeling Technique.- Concept.- Experimental Substitutional Impurities.- Nearly Interstitial High Concentrations.- Radiation-Induced Change Sites.- Summary the Literature Data.- VII. Limitations.- VIII. Conclusions.- 5: Implantation Metals.- Historical Perspective.- Friction Wear.- Corrosion.- Oxides Anion Defects.- Cation Titanium Stainless Steel.- Zirconium.- Aluminum.- Copper.- Aqueous Practical Electrochemistry Catalysis.- Metallurgy.- Equipment 6: Superconductors.- Definition Superconducting Parameters.- Influence Damage Properties.- a. Non-Transition b. Transition c. Metal Alloys.- d. Superconductors A-15 NaCl-Structure.- e. Layer Compounds.- f. Implanted Ions Temperature.- Magnetic Non Pd-, Pd-Noble Alloy, -Hydrogen Systems.- Aluminum Based Devices.- 7: Ion-Induced X-Rays Gas Collisions.- Collision Models.- 2.1. Survey 2.2. Coulomb Ionization.- 2.3. Molecular-Orbital Model.- Measurements Inner-Shell Excitations.- 3.1. 3.2. Theory Energy-Loss 3.3. Electron Emission.- 3.4. Typical Apparatus-Ionization Inelastic Loss.- 3.5. Scattered- Ion-X-Ray/Electron Coincidence Apparatus.- Discussion 4.1. Ionization States.- 4.2. 4.3. Emission Sections.- 4.4. Fluorescence 4.5. X-Ray-Scattered-Ion 4.6. Highly Stripped Fast Beams.- 8: Solids.- Accelerators Chambers.- Sources.- Flow Proportional Counter.- Si(Li) Detector.- Crystal or Grating Spectrometer.- Use Protons Helium Generate Solid Current Areas Fundamental Interest.- Heavy 5.1. Background.- 5.2. Physical Processes.- 5.3. 6. Author Index.