Framework for Sustainable Mining of Rare Earth Elements

摘要: The dependence of modern society on critical and/or strategic minerals such as rare earth elements is continuously growing a result numerous end uses and other factors that have been recognized previously. This chapter proposes the adoption framework can be used to guide extraction under sustainable development principles. proposed includes fundamental contribute holistic platform for elements. It expands existing (1) five basic pillars: economy, society, environment, technology, (geo)politics; (2) three controlling/limiting factors: policy, governance, stakeholders; (3) number output quantities in decision making also indicators.