Learning to starve: impacts of food limitation beyond the stress period

摘要: Starvation is common among wild animal populations, and many individuals experience repeated bouts of starvation over the course their lives. Although much information has been gained through laboratory studies acute starvation, little known about how affects an once food again available (i.e. during refeeding recovery phases). Many animals exhibit a curious phenomenon - some seem to 'get better' at starving following exposure one or more events by this we mean that they potentially adaptive responses, including reduced rates mass loss, metabolic rates, lower costs digestion. During subsequent refeedings may also improved digestive efficiency rapid gain. Importantly, these responses can last until next bout even be inherited expressed in generation. Currently, however, molecular regulation physiological mechanisms underlying changes. Here, identify areas research fill most pressing knowledge gaps. In particular, highlight recently refined techniques (e.g. stable isotope tracers, quantitative magnetic resonance thermal measurement) as well next-generation sequencing approaches RNA-seq, proteomics holobiome sequencing) address specific starvation-focused questions. We describe outstanding unknowns ripe for future regarding timing severity concerning persistence interactions with other ecological stressors.