Reproductive Phenology of Large Mammals

摘要: Many large herbivores, specifically ungulates, display a distinct seasonality in their reproductive phenology. Focusing on empirical studies of caribou/reindeer, moose, and red deer, we illustrate the influence abiotic (i.e. climatic) biotic (i.e., density dependent) factors timing calving–an important life-history trait affecting population dynamics. Furthermore, clarify distinction between concepts synchrony births, as well difference long-term evolutionary) proximal influences these level traits. These distinctions are essential when interpreting consequences variation parturition, particularly context changing caused by climate change.