Upper limb kinematics after cervical spinal cord injury: a review

摘要: Although a number of upper limb kinematic studies have been conducted, no review actually addresses the key-features open-chain movements after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim this literature is to provide clear understanding motor control and changes during reaching, reach-to-grasp, overhead movements, fast elbow flexion tetraplegia. Using data from MEDLINE between 1966 December 2014, we examined temporal spatial measures when available electromyographic recordings. We included fifteen case three series with total 164 SCI participants 131 healthy participants. efficiently performed broad range tasks their were planned executed strong invariants like movement endpoint accuracy minimal cost. Our revealed that extension without triceps brachii relies on increased scapulothoracic glenohumeral providing dynamic coupling shoulder elbow. Furthermore, contrary normal grasping patterns where prepared transport phase, reaching are successively SCI. prolonged phase ensures correct hand placement while wrist eliciting either whole or lateral grip. One main characteristics observed tetraplegia slowing attested by time. This could be caused (i) decreased strength, (ii) paralysis which disrupts agonist–antagonist co-contractions, (iii) preservation at endpoint, and/or (iv) relying tenodesis. Another feature reduction maximal superior i) strength deficit in agonist muscles pectoralis major, ii) proximal synergic responsible for joint stability, iii) distal preventing maintenance coupling, iv) ankyloses, v) pain. Further open chain needed identify contribution each these factors order tailor rehabilitation programs individuals.