The Importance of Sex and Spatial Scale When Evaluating Sexual Segregation by Elk in Yellowstone

摘要: The forage-selection hypothesis (FSH) explains sexual segregation in ungulates as a function of different dietary requirements producing levels habitat optimality, whereas the reproductive-strategy (RSH) survival strategies between sexes. Based on observations use by elk (Cervus elaphus) Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming with regard to varying wolf encounter risk, we found that our determination whether RSH or FSH best applied varied scale at which were measuring use. At broad spatial scales no significant avoidance wolves elk. was consistent predictions reproductive strategy female used habitats offered balance forage and escape terrain for themselves calves, degree present dependent upon risk encounter. patch differences availability likely drove Our results highlight importance when investigating use, nonlethal predation effects, ungulates.