Socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy gains among retired German men, 1997–2016

摘要: Background Although estimates of socioeconomic mortality disparities in Germany exist, the trends these since 1990s are still unknown. This study examines across groups late among retired German men aged 65 and above. Methods Large administrative data sets were used to estimate men, grouped according their working-life biographies. The covered years 1997–2016 included more than 84.1 million person-years 4.3 million deaths. Individual pension entitlements served as a measure lifetime income. Changes total life expectancy at age over time decomposed into effects group-specific improvements compositional change. Results Over two decades studied, male declined all income both regions. As improved rapidly higher status groups, social gradient widened. Since 1997, distribution East has shifted substantially downwards. result, impact most disadvantaged group on increased partly attenuated overall improvement. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that deprivation substantial levels postreunification Germany. While retirees initially profited from transition West system, subsequent cohorts had face challenges associated with market economy. suggest unemployment decline delayed old-age