Embryonic stem cells provide a powerful and versatile model system

摘要: Abstract Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent that differentiate both in vitro and vivo into cell types derived from each of the three embryonic germ layers. ES their close relatives, embryonal carcinoma (EC) (EG) cells, have been used extensively as model systems for studying early mammalian development. This work has led to important insights mechanisms control embryogenesis at molecular cellular levels. chapter focuses on use an system differentiation reviews several areas where progress made. Impressive made isolation characterization many species, including humans. Significant also development culture conditions help direct specific celltypes form during myogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis. neurogenesis, cardiogenesis. The ability inactivate virtually any gene by targeting vastly improved our understanding roles played genes organismic Moreover, EC widely investigate how turned off course differentiation. In this connection, DNA array technology identify regulated when differentiate. final section discusses with is shaping development, replacement therapy.