Radiographic and endosonographic staging in esophageal cancer.

摘要: Radiographic imaging using computed tomographic (CT) scan and positron emission tomography/CT are primarily helpful in identifying distant metastases. In general, if patients have evidence of lymph node involvement that is proved pathologically by endoscopic ultrasound/fine needle aspiration, this information considered definitive, the patient can be referred for appropriate stage-specific therapy. Laparoscopy combined with laparoscopic ultrasound peritoneal lavage has been shown to sensitivity 67% specificity 92% disease. Thoracoscopy may help identify involved mediastinum before resection determine field radiation.