Aerodynamic aspects of formation flight in birds

摘要: Abstract In formation flight each wing flies in an upwash field generated by all other wings of the formation. This leads to a reduction power demand for as well whole Methods theoretical aerodynamics are used calculate arbitrarily shaped formations with any number birds. These methods applied homogeneous and inhomogeneous which birds same kind or different span, aspect ratio weight may be present. The total strongly depends on lateral distance wings. A longitudinal displacement direction has no influence but only their distribution involved individuals. local is highest inner parts decreases towards apex side edges Small light individuals automatically favoured larger heavier It shown that some minor portion twist necessary fly without rolling moment. addition it turns out optimum speed slightly lower than single