Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review

摘要: Pharmaceuticals, as a contaminant of emergent concern, are being released uncontrollably into the environment potentially causing hazardous effects to aquatic ecosystems and consequently human health. In absence well-established monitoring programs, one can only imagine full extent this problem so there is an urgent need for development extremely sensitive, portable, low-cost devices perform analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials most used nanostructures in (bio)sensors construction attributed their facile well-characterized production methods, commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, low toxicity. However, importantly, relatively good conductivity enabling appropriate electron transfer rates—as well surface area yielding attachment extraordinary loading capacity biomolecules—have been relevant desirable features, justifying key role that they have playing, will continue play, electrochemical (bio)sensor development. The present review outlines contribution carbon (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, nanofibers, black, nanopowder, biochar nanoparticles, graphite oxide), alone or combined with other (nano)materials, field environmental (bio)sensing, more specifically, pharmaceutical pollutants analysis waters species. main trends research also addressed.