Best practice for measuring permafrost temperature in boreholes based on the experience in the Swiss Alps

摘要: Temperature measurements in boreholes are the most common method allowing quantitative and direct observation of permafrost evolution context climate change. Existing monitoring networks often emerged a scientific targeting different objectives with setups. A standardised, well-planned robust instrumentation for long-term operation is crucial to deliver comparable, high-quality data analyses assessments. However, only limited number guidelines available, particularly mountain regions. In this paper, we discuss challenges devise best practice recommendations temperature at single sites as well network, based on two decades experience gained framework Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS. These apply observations regions, although many aspects also polar lowlands. The main 1) thoroughly consider criteria site selection objective preliminary studies available data, 2) define sampling strategy during planification, 3) engage experienced drilling teams who can cope inhomogeneous potentially unstable subsurface material, 4) select standardised high accuracy sensors excellent stability when calibrated 0 °C, ideally double key depths validation substitution questionable 5) maintenance procedures maximum comparability minimum processing, 6) implement regular control procedures, 7) ensure remote access rapid trouble shooting timely reporting. Data gaps be avoided by planning replacement boreholes. Recommendations regarding quality documentation, processing final publication will follow later.