Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (Ursus arctos), a wild mammal model species

摘要: Abstract This review provides an up-to-date synthesis of the matrilineal phylogeography a uniquely well-studied Holarctic mammal, brown bear. We extend current knowledge by presenting DNA sequence derived from one earliest known fossils polar bear (dated to 115 000 years before present), species that shares paraphyletic mitochondrial association with bears. A molecular clock analysis 140 sequences, including our new sequence, novel insights into times origin for different clades. propose number regional biogeographic scenarios based on genetic data, divergence time estimates and paleontological records. The case example researchers working less taxa: it shows clearly phylogeographic models patterns modern variation alone can be substantially improved data historical diversity in form ancient sequences accurately dated samples using approach divergence-time estimation suits under analysis. Using such approaches has been possible (i) establish processes shaping bears acted recently, within last three glacial cycles; (ii) distinguish among hypotheses concerning species’ responses climatic oscillations accordance lack structure existed prior maximum (LGM); (iii) reassess theories linking monophyletic populations particular LGM refuge areas; (iv) identify vicariance events track analogous migration out Eurasia North America Japan.