Evidentiary issues in international disputes related to state responsibility for cyber operations

摘要: In spite of the crucial importance evidentiary issues, works on inter-state cyber operations, both above and below level use force, have so far focused whether such operations are consistent with primary norms international law remedies available to victim state under jus ad bellum responsibility, almost entirely neglected a discussion evidence needs produce demonstrate, either before judicial body or elsewhere, that an unlawful operation has been conducted against it is attributable another state. The present article fills this gap. It starts brief account then discusses who burden proof in relation claims seeking (including reparation) for damage caused by operations. analyzes standard required context. Finally, possible methods examined, distinguishing between those which admissible inadmissible.