Managing the worlds forests.

摘要: Forests play a vital role in balancing natural systems: the stabilization of global climate and management water land. 30% earths total land area is forested. 66% tropical moist forests are Latin America remainder Africa Asia. 75% dry Africa. Temperate primarily developed countries. Deforestation misuse occurs developing countries at significant social economic environmental costs. Losses have occurred fuelwood fodder timber forest products biological diversity habitats genetic materials for food medicine. The World Banks evolving forestry briefly described. Agreement has not been reached among people or nations about most appropriate means to balance conservation development goals. challenge stabilize existing increase planting. causes degradation must be understood. Direct include agricultural encroachment cattle ranching gathering commercial logging infrastructure development. These direct driven by political forces: market policy failures population growth poverty. include: 1) lack clearly defined property rights on resources now future 2) conflict between individual societal needs 3) difficulty placing value nonmarket services joint 4) separation private solution action local national levels. Countries establish policy. government incentives which promote deforestation changed. For example concession royalty systems corrected; explicit implicit export subsidies stopped. Private established planting trees practicing preservation setting up sustainable systems. Property use policies spell out patterns. A strategy needed protection reforestation rural research with funding.