摘要: Vegetation maps including the upper Midwest generally show two basic vegetation formations: prairie and forest (Vestal 1936, Shelford 1963, Anderson 1970, Iverson et al. 1991). The sharp dividing boundaries implied are more a matter of convenience scale difficulties in mapping variable than reflection reality. Of course, fires that contributed largely to maintenance tallgrass prairies this region (Risser 1981, Axelrod 1985) usually did not stop abruptly at border. These penetrated beyond open grassland, often forming structural gradients from closed forest. kinetic quality prairie-forest transition zone has challenged our spatialand temporal-scale ecological understanding, yielding interpretations vegetational history (Bielmann Brenner 1951, Steyermark 1959), distribution (Braun 1950, 1983, Nuzzo 1986), classification (White Madany 1978; Nelson 1985; Faber-Langendoen 1994). A mixture climatic landscape conditions, fire history, biotic interactions results mosaic pattern forest, savanna, (Kilburn 1959, 1983) is considered ecotone (Barbour 1980).
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